Infections transmitted via Fomites

Fomites are inanimate objects or surfaces that can become contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and serve as a vehicle for the transmission of infections. These factors encompass various commonplace items such as doorknobs, keyboards, smartphones, bed linens, utensils, and other frequently touched objects. Numerous infections can be transmitted through fomites. Among the most common examples are respiratory infections, which include viral illnesses such as the common cold, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus responsible for COVID-19). When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, respiratory droplets containing the viral particles can settle on surrounding surfaces. Subsequent contact with these contaminated fomites, followed by touching of the eyes, nose, or mouth, facilitates the transmission of the infectious agents.

Gastrointestinal infections also frequently transpire through fomite transmission. Notably, norovirus, a highly contagious pathogen responsible for causing severe gastroenteritis with symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea, can be transmitted through fecal-oral contamination. In settings where hygiene practices are suboptimal or in crowded places, people can become contaminated with the virus and subsequently serve as a source of infection. Certain skin infections, such as those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or other staphylococcal species, can also be transmitted through fomites. These bacteria have the ability to persist on surfaces for extended periods and can be easily transferred to the skin via fomite contact, particularly in the presence of compromised skin barriers.

Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pink eye, can be caused by viral or bacterial pathogens. This ocular infection can be transmitted through direct person-to-person contact or indirectly via fomite transmission. Contact with contaminated fomites followed by rubbing of the eyes can facilitate the transfer of infectious agents, leading to the development of conjunctivitis. Prevention of fomite transmission is paramount to curtailing the spread of these infectious diseases. Rigorous adherence to hand hygiene practices, including regular and thorough handwashing using soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers with a sufficient concentration of at least 60% alcohol, plays a vital role in reducing the risk of transmission. Furthermore, routine cleaning and disinfection of frequently touched surfaces, especially in public spaces and healthcare settings, are crucial preventive measures to mitigate fomite-associated transmission.

It is essential to note that while fomite transmission is possible, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasizes that respiratory droplets remain the primary mode of transmission for many infections, including COVID-19. Nonetheless, fomites can still contribute to transmission, particularly in close-contact situations or when proper hygiene practices are subverted. 

Written by D. M. C. V (Chloe Vo)