Infections transmitted via skin

Skin infections are a subset of infectious diseases and can be transmitted via various modes. Bacterial skin infections encompass conditions like impetigo, cellulitis, and folliculitis, primarily caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. Fungal infections, such as ringworm and candidiasis, result from different fungi. Parasitic infections, like scabies and cutaneous leishmaniasis, are transmitted through parasites infiltrating the skin. Certain viruses, such as the human papillomavirus, the herpes simplex virus, and the Varicella-zoster virus, can cause viral skin infections. However, there may be overlaps or multi-modal transmission, and some infections may affect both the skin and other parts of the body. 

A. Impetigo:

Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. It predominantly affects infants and young children but can occur in individuals of any age. The infection is typically initiated when the bacteria invade the skin through breaks in the epidermal barrier, such as cuts, scratches, or insect bites. It can also be transmitted via close contact with an infected individual or by sharing personal items, including towels, clothing, or bedding. There are two main subtypes of impetigo. Non-bullous impetigo, which is the most common form, manifests as red sores or blisters that rapidly rupture, resulting in the exudation of a yellowish-brown crust. Pruritus is a common symptom, and the lesions typically appear around the orofacial region and hands. In contrast, bullous impetigo, albeit less frequently encountered, is more severe. Predominantly affecting infants and young children, it presents as large, fluid-filled blisters initially appearing clear but subsequently becoming cloudy or purulent. The bullae may persist for several days before rupturing and forming dense, brownish crusts.

Diagnosing impetigo primarily relies on recognizing its characteristic clinical presentation and symptoms. However, confirming the presence of bacteria or identifying the specific causative organisms can be achieved through laboratory testing of a swab obtained from the affected area. In most cases, treatment entails the use of topical antibiotics, such as mupirocin ointment, for mild infections, whereas oral antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, are prescribed for severe or extensive cases. Emphasizing good hygiene practices, including gentle cleansing of the affected area with warm water and mild soap and the removal of crusts to facilitate healing, is crucial. Furthermore, implementing preventive measures, such as regular handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and refraining from sharing personal items, is imperative to impede transmission. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent complications such as cellulitis or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, which can arise if impetigo remains untreated. 

B. Ringworm:

Ringworm, also known as dermatophytosis, is a highly contagious fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails. Despite its name, it is not caused by a worm but rather by various species of fungi called dermatophytes. These fungi thrive in warm and humid environments, making certain places like locker rooms, swimming pools, and communal showers common sources of infection. Ringworm typically presents as a circular or oval-shaped rash with raised edges and clear skin in the center, resembling a ring. The affected area is usually itchy, red, and scaly and may be accompanied by inflammation or blisters. The scalp, groin, feet (athlete's foot), and body are common sites of infection. In some cases, the infection can cause temporary hair loss in the affected area. Diagnosing ringworm usually involves a visual examination of the rash and sometimes a Wood's lamp examination, which uses a special ultraviolet light to highlight certain fungal infections. In other cases, a skin scraping or a culture of the affected area may be needed to identify the specific fungus causing the infection.

Treatment for ringworm typically involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically as creams, gels, or powders for mild infections. Oral antifungal medications may be prescribed for more severe or extensive cases, especially if the infection involves the scalp or nails or if it persists despite topical treatment. In addition to medication, good hygiene practices, such as keeping the affected area clean and dry, avoiding sharing personal items like towels or clothing, and wearing clean, breathable fabrics, can help prevent the spread of ringworm.

Written by D. M. C. V (Chloe Vo)